GDF2 and pulmonary arterial hypertension: The PAH-specific mutations in GDF2 include frameshift mutations, missense mutations, and nonsense mutations, and these mutations may inhibit biosynthesis and/or secretion of GDF2, leading to a decrease in GDF2 levels in the circulation in PAH patients which may be a cause of PAH (Wang et al., 2019a; Southgate et al., 2020).