TNF and clear cell renal carcinoma: Interestingly, TNF is generally recognized to inhibit or kill tumor cells through multiple links, TNF receptors (TNFR), especially TNFR1, have been found to be upregulated in a variety of tumors, such as ovarian cancer (Le Page et al., 2006), renal clear cell carcinoma (Diegmann et al., 2006) and acute myeloid leukemia (Brouwer et al., 2001).