Activated macrophages not only release the proinflammatory cytokines TNF and IL-1, but also could differentiate into M2 macrophages thereby releasing paclitaxel and chemokine CCL18 and recruiting eosinophils, Th2 cells and myeloid dendritic cells involved in inflammatory cell infiltration and inflammatory response of CRSwNP (Peterson et al., 2012). Here, TNF is linked to chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps.