IL4 and infection: discovered a rapid increase of activated CD103+ DC, CD11b+ DC and MoDC within 48 h post infection of K. pneumoniae. The K. pneumoniae-infected animals showed that in respiratory DC subpopulations there were elevated IFN-α in pDC, elevated IFN-γ, IL-4 and IL-13 in CD103+ DC and IL-19 and IL-12p35 in CD11b+ DC subsets in comparison to CD11c+ MHC-class IIlow cells indicating distinct functional roles.