CD4 and parasitic infectious disease: For example, increased parasitemia and more frequent clinical episodes of malarial fever have been associated with decreased CD4+ T cell counts in HIV-1 symptomatic individuals in Uganda and Malawi, a trend that was not observed in individuals earlier in the courses of their HIV-1 infection (Whitworth et al., 2000; French et al., 2001; Patnaik et al., 2005).