VCL and cancer: Some of the important cell adhesion proteins already reported to have a role in cancer progression are included, namely, TGFB1, Thrombospondin (THBS1), integrin or related proteins [integrin-linked protein kinase (ILK), integrin beta-1 (ITGB1)], insulin-like growth factor II (IGF2), (PKM), vinculin (VCL).