Many pathophysiological cellular processes and signaling pathways have been shown to be involved in the development and progression of atherosclerosis, such as recruitment of inflammatory cells, cell proliferation, tissue sclerosis, and neovascularization, as well as activation of the Toll-like receptor 4, the transcription factors nuclear factor-κB, and the Janus kinase (JAK) signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT) signaling pathways (51). The gene discussed is TLR4; the disease is atherosclerosis.