In addition, hypertriglyceridemia may promote cellular uptake and accumulation of free fatty acid by the cells in the kidney, such as mesangial cells and macrophages, exerting direct lipotoxicity (26), which is further linked to increased oxidative stress (27, 28), and activation of intrarenal renin-angiotensin system (29, 30). Here, REN is linked to hypertriglyceridemia.