Furthermore, a large dose of pyruvate (1.0 M, 0.05 mmol/kg/min for 90 min) infusion illustrated a profound attenuation of brain lesion volume by 84% vs. control and a marked decrease of DNA fragmentation by 77% vs. control in an in vivo stroke model with an appreciable stimulation of the hypoxia inducible factor-1α-erythropoietin (HIF-1α-EPO) signal expression in 2012 (Ryou et al., 2012), which was also observed with a regular dose of oral pyruvate rehydration (see below). The gene discussed is EPO; the disease is Stroke.