Cell adhesion molecules, such as VCAM-1, are commonly used as biomarkers of endothelial function and have been used as indicators of increased CVD and atherosclerosis risk (Springer, 1994; Meng et al., 2021) and play an important role in plaque development (Cybulsky et al., 2001; Ley and Huo, 2001; Varona et al., 2019; Troncoso et al., 2021). The gene discussed is VCAM1; the disease is atherosclerosis.