Cytokines IFN-γ and TNF-α were shown to be involved in exacerbation of anemia as mice lacking the respective genes exhibited protection from anemia, while anti-inflammatory cytokine, IL-10 counteracted the effects of Trypanosoma-induced anemia (Tabel et al., 2008; Musaya et al., 2015). Here, TNF is linked to anemia (phenotype).