CHAT and cervical dystonia: Although these results were not confirmed by a recent study (58), absent or reduced choline acetyltransferase staining was confirmed in all six available PPN samples in another recent study examining eight patients with cervical dystonia (9); this, together with the finding that the diffusion tensor imaging of the PPN was identical between patients and controls, suggests that a functional cholinergic deficit might be involved in cervical dystonia (9).