NLRP3 and Cognitive impairment: Injection of Ac-YVAD-cmk (an NLRP3/caspase 1 inhibitor) prior to anesthesia did improve cognitive impairments and prevent hippocampal inflammation in aged mice, but not in young mice, which was possibly due to the attenuation of isoflurane-triggered NLRP3 inflammasome [9].