All of the somatic mutations on the introgressed haplotypes were in non-coding regions though, with the exception of one missense variant, so it is likely that somatic mutations are not affecting regulation of AKR1C4. Overall, our results suggest that Neanderthal introgression regulates expression of AKR1C4 in tumor and this may contribute to liver cancer etiology. This evidence concerns the gene AKR1C4 and neoplasm.