Among Europeans, there were four genes with both an enrichment of somatic mutations on Neanderthal introgressed haplotypes and significant differences in the proportion of reads supporting the of Neanderthal allele between patients with liver cancer and unaffected individuals prior to multiple testing correction—PABPC4, MATN2, RARS1, and RNH1. Of these, PABPC4 and MATN2 have been shown previously to be involved in liver cancer. The gene discussed is MATN2; the disease is liver cancer.