OAS1 and liver cancer: After p-value adjustment, four genes had a significant difference in the proportion of reads supporting the Neanderthal allele between tumors from liver cancer patients and liver from unaffected individuals (AKR1C4: p-value = 1.20 × 10–5, adjusted p-value = 0.003; HAL: p-value = 1.56 × 10–6, adjusted p-value = 0.0003; OAS1: p-value = 0.0001, adjusted p-value = 0.023; and PXMP2: p-value = 8.22 × 10–6, adjusted p-value = 0.002; Fig. 3B; Additional File 2: Table S9).