TNF and periodontal disorder: Finally, two bacteria (Porphyromonas gingivalis and Fusobacterium nucleatum) that play pivotal roles in periodontal disease and act on macrophages, neutrophils, and monocytes to induce TNF-α, IL-6, and IL-8 production [92] were increased in smokers’ tongue dorsum [55] and saliva samples [46, 52, 54], suggesting another link between smoking, periodontal disease and inflammation-mediated cardiovascular risk.