VCAM1 and osteoarthritis: The studies on chondrogenic cell line ATDC5 cells cultured with IL-1b showed that peonol from P. × suffruticosa inhibits numerous factors of osteoarthritis, including expressions of IL-6, TNF-α, NADPH oxidase 2 (NOX2), prostaglandin–endoperoxide synthase 2 (PTGS2), nucleobindin-2 (NUCB2)/nesfatin- 1, intercellular adhesion molecule 1 (ICAM-1), vascular cell adhesion molecule 1 (VCAM-1), matrix metalloproteinase-3/13 (MMP-3/13) and degradation of type II collagen [37] (Table 3).