TNF and infection: Long and coauthors [90,149] in their study of NoV in a cohort of children (in Mexico) reported divergent impacts of VAS on the immune responses to NoV genogroup (NoV GI and NoV GII) infection, where they observed a reduction in monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1), TNF-α, IL-6, and IL-8 levels among VAS children with NoV GII-associated diarrhea, while observing higher TNF-α and IL-4 levels among VAS children with NoV GI-associated diarrhea [90].