ESR1 and breast carcinoma: In breast cancer cells, estrogen receptor positive and negative, diosgenin affected prosurvival Akt-mediated NF-κB and mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling pathways, caused G1 cell cycle arrest and downregulated cyclin D1, cdk-2, and cdk-4 expression resulting in the inhibition of cell proliferation and induction of apoptosis [21].