INS and liver dysplastic nodule: In metformin-treated rats, the group that received diet modification sustained glomerular capillary hypertension and subsequent glomerular barrier injury and microalbumin leakage; metformin exerts pleiotropic actions on the kidney, beyond its effects as a glucose-lowering agent by attenuating DN, associated with its ability to improve insulin resistance, lipid metabolism, and antioxidative and anti-inflammatory functions [15,54].