TNF and inflammatory bowel disease: For example, the pro-inflammatory cytokines IL1α, IL1β, IL2, IL6, IL12, IFN-γ, and TNF-α have been linked with initiation and progression of IBD, whereas the anti-inflammatory IL4, IL10, and IL13 have been associated with the pathogenesis of IBD by decreasing the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines [29,41,42].