PTX-3 values are differentially expressed in high and low-grade tumors (such as oligodendrogliomas and astrocytomas), as higher levels of TNF-α and IL-1β (sourced in necrotic cells) consequently increase PTX-3 levels, reflecting the ability of this humoral immune candidate to diagnose various types of malignancies [45,64]. Here, PTX3 is linked to astrocytoma (excluding glioblastoma).