A number of postmortem studies have indicated that resistance to insulin and IGF-1, with the aberrant activation of their signaling pathway components, as well as reduced insulin/IGF-1 levels as neurotrophic factors, can be detected in the brains of AD patients [43,127,128,129,130], and these abnormalities are more severe in areas involved in cognitive performance, particularly in the hippocampus [131]. The gene discussed is INS; the disease is Alzheimer disease.