SMAD4 and adenoma: The results also included previously unreported genes including AKT3, NCOR2, PIK3R2, SMAD4, and TGFBR1, from which AKT3 and PIK3R2 were present in the early adenoma stage and SMAD4 and TGFBR1 were present at the late adenoma stage (Figure 4a).