TNF and infection: The latter is referring to an inflammatory state affecting the CNS, following insults such as infections, trauma, ischemia, and toxins and resulting in release of neurotoxic mediators including interleukin-1beta (IL-1β), IL-6, IL-8, IL-33, tumor necrosis factor (TNF), chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 2 (CCL2), CCL5, and other molecules which are mainly secreted by astrocytes and microglia [2,3].