TNF and acute respiratory distress syndrome: Recently, GA, the main active metabolite of licorice, was reported to protect from D/L-induced ALI in vivo and TNF-α + SM-164 (TS)-induced ALI in vitro by recovering the expression of Pregnane X receptor (PXR) which inhibited the autophagosome–lysosome fusion and lysosomal function while having no influence on autophagy initiation.