TBR1 and lung carcinoma: As TβR1 inhibitors, LY2109761 [1,2,3,25,89] directly inhibited pro-fibrotic signaling and balanced the TGF-β/BMP signaling pathway in the RIPF, Galunisertib (LY2157299) [3,25,90] downregulated Smad2 phosphorylation in lung cancer, SB203580 and WP631 inhibited downstream signaling by highly specific inhibition of TβR1 [1,2,91], and SM16 [1,2,92] significantly reduced the extent of RIPF in rats.