There have been reports that high expression levels of several pro-inflammatory cytokines, such as IL-6 [345,347,383], CXCL13 [349,384], IL-8 [351], IL-18 [353], TNF-α [348], and IL-1β [348], demonstrate correlation with ALI/COVID-19-related severity and mortality and may be useful in the risk assessment of ALI patients (Table 3). Here, IL18 is linked to acute respiratory distress syndrome.