TNF and chronic hepatitis B virus infection: In previous pharmacological studies, SC was also demonstrated to suppress cytokine production (interferon-γ, tumor necrosis factor-α, interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-6, IL-8, and IL-10) in dengue-infected human monocytes infected with dengue virus-2 (DENV-2) New guinea C strain [43], regulate immune responses in chronic hepatitis B patients [45], and scavenge free radicals [46].