Given that TNF-α is currently considered as one of the most important factors of insulin resistance in diabetes mellitus, including GDM [56,57,58], the observed unaltered levels of TNFA in the GDM women vs. pregnancies with NGT was somewhat surprising, despite higher HOMA-IR and lower QUICKI-IS indices found in the diabetic subjects. The gene discussed is TNF; the disease is Insulin resistance.