Interestingly, pro-inflammatory cytokines, such as interleukin-1β, interleukin-6, and tumor necrosis factor-α, have been implicated in both atypical pneumonia [41] and in acute pancreatitis [42], including the experimental pancreatitis induced by the administration of cerulein (a cholecystokinin analog), among others [43,44]. This evidence concerns the gene TNF and pancreatitis.