Other AOPs imply the impairment of ion channels leading to increased cardiac arrhythmia and mortality (AOP 104) or calcium channel blockade till heart failure (AOP 261) or inhibition of hERG potassium channels, which determines cardiac arrhythmia (torsade de pointes) and sudden death (AOP 433). This evidence concerns the gene KCNH2 and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.