PTEN and colonic neoplasm: Moreover, sialic acid-containing GM3 has been reported to reduce phosphoinositide-3 kinase/serine/threonine protein kinase B (PI3K/Akt) signaling to increase breast and colon cancer migration and invasion via inhibiting EGFR phosphorylation, upregulating phosphatase and tensin homolog (PTEN) expression, and interacting with integrins [92].