KRAS and cancer: Autophagy may also be activated by some oncogenic pathways during cancer cell proliferation, supported by a high frequency of KRAS (KRAS proto-oncogene, GTPase) or HRAS (HRas proto-oncogene, GTPase) mutations that promote the development of cancer cells in an autophagy-dependent mode in different cell types, like pancreatic cancer and colorectal cancer (CRC) cells [89].