NFKB1 and neoplasm: Low doses (1 μM-10 μM) of Cd have been shown to promote tumor angiogenesis [208,209,210,211] by activating PKB/Akt [212], NF-κB [213], and MAPKs [210] signaling pathways, resulting in endothelial cell activation and tumor angiogenesis [214]; high concentrations (>10 μM) of Cd may cause damage and apoptosis of endothelial cells [210,215] and decrease tumor angiogenesis [210].