INSR and dementia: Different neurological conditions, such as Huntington’s disease, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and dementia, Parkinson’s disease, and Alzheimer’s disease, may occur because of apoptosis [56], IGF (insulin-like growth factor) [57], increased Bax/Bcl-x ratio, hippocampal neuronal death and L caspase-3 activity, mitochondrial dysfunction, cerebral blood vessel dysfunction, myelin and axon damage, intracytoplasmic calcium deposition, and Purkinje cell damage; IGF-I, IGF-IR, and IR activity; endoplasmic dysfunction, BBB degradation; ependymal [58].