Additionally, we observed a significant beneficial effect of vitamin A on TNF-α in studies that used retinyl palmitate at the dosage of (10,000 and 50,000 IU/day), during intervention for 15 and 44 weeks in pregnant and lactating women and people with hepatitis B. Surprisingly, high dose (240,000 IU/day) vitamin A supplementation for long-term resulted in a significant increase in serum TNF-α concentrations in individuals with lower levels of the vitamin. This evidence concerns the gene TNF and hepatitis B virus infection.