TLR4 and type 2 diabetes mellitus: Namely, activation of Toll-like receptor-4 pathway which further activates secondary cascades such as c-Jun N-terminal kinase, nuclear factor-kappa B, and protein C kinase signalling pathways which are implicated in the desensitisation of insulin receptors.[28] A cross-sectional analysis in 555 patients with T2D from the Insulin Resistance Atherosclerosis Study has also demonstrated associations between serum total SFA and various vascular-inflammatory markers, including PAI-1, TNF-α, and fibrinogen [29].