TARDBP and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis: Recently, chemically modified aberrant Transactive Response DNA Binding Protein 43 (TDP-43) species were found to represent a major accumulating protein in neuronal cytoplasmic inclusions [1,2] and in exosomes [3,4] in Frontotemporal Lobar Degeneration (FTLD), and in ALS patients [5].