Furthermore, in the other two cases, one MDS-MLD (patient 16, male, Hb 11.9 g/dL) and one MDS-EB2 (patient 17, male, Hb 9.9 g/dL), knockdown of DDIT3 enhanced the transition to stage IV (Fig. S7a, b), indicating that inhibition of this factor boosts terminal erythropoiesis. Here, DDIT3 is linked to myelodysplastic syndrome.