With an ever-growing recognition of the role of MOTS-c on age-related diseases including diabetes, obesity, osteoporosis, cardiovascular, and neurodegenerative diseases [32, 33], further studies are needed to elucidate the nature of the interaction between metformin and MOTS-c in cancer and non-cancer patients. Here, MT-RNR1 is linked to obesity due to melanocortin 4 receptor deficiency.