CD40LG and infection: Farnsworth et al. (2015) investigated the humoral immune response to S. aureus infections in mice with DM2 and DM1. Total IgG and total IgM levels were determined using whole S. aureus extract and selected S. aureus intracellular, attachment, and functional proteins (Amd, ClfA, ClfB, FnbA Gmd, IsdA, IsdB, and IsdH). Compared with the controls, infection severity was much worse in both mouse models of diabetes, with DM2 mice generally having lower anti-S. aureus IgG response and higher IgM response.