A variety of biochemical drivers can lead to this progression, e.g., transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-β), tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), hypoxia-inducible factor-alpha (HIF-α), Wnt signaling, Interleukins (IL-1β, IL-6), Hedgehog, and the Hippo pathway (54–56), and impart cancer cells with properties of mesenchymal stem cells, drug resistance and invasiveness (Figure 3). The gene discussed is TNF; the disease is cancer.