The resulting data showed that cystatin C has a greater causal association with diabetic nephropathy (IVW OR: 1.36, 95%CI [1.15, 1.61], p=0.0004), and Cochran’s Q-test no longer showed evidence of heterogeneity (IVW p>0.05) (Table S7). The gene discussed is CST3; the disease is diabetic kidney disease.