VEGFA and JUN were identified as the central players in diabetic nephropathy (Oltean et al., 2015; Wang et al., 2021) and Alzheimer’s disease (Zu et al., 2021) whereas, VEGFA was associated with diabetic retinopathy (Bucolo et al., 2021), cardiac autonomic neuropathy (Ravichandran et al., 2019), and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease-hepatocellular carcinoma (Shen et al., 2022). Here, JUN is linked to diabetic retinopathy.