HSF1 and hepatocellular carcinoma: As a transcription factor, HSF1 involves its versatile abilities to various stress response pathways via inducing the expressions of heat shock proteins and serves as a potent multifaceted modifier of cancer progression, whereby the involvement of HSF1 in cancer is described as a classic non-oncogene addiction.38 Our previous study showed that the non-oncogene HSF1 displayed the robust prognostic and predictive values in HCC.39 In the current study, we further found the unfavorable survival of HSF1-positive patients with simultaneous PD-L1 high-expression.