HMEC-1 cells treated with NMU-9 secreted much higher levels of cytokines that were also elevated in CRC cells and macrophages, namely, CCL-2/MCP1, CCL5/RANTES, CXCL10/IP-10 and ICAM-1/CD54 and G-CSF and GM-CSF (Fig. 6b). Here, CCL2 is linked to colorectal carcinoma.