MDM2 and neoplasm: Currently, various inhibitors targeting PPIs are under clinical trials, such as APG-1252 targeting Bcl-2/Bcl-XL (B-cell lymphoma-extra-large) interactions for anti-tumor therapy (Yi et al., 2020; Luo et al., 2021), and APG-115 targeting MDM2 (Mouse double minute 2 homolog)-p53 interactions in anti-tumor therapy (Fang et al., 2019; Fang et al., 2021).