Diabetes mellitus, which is a complication of obesity, can activate satellite glial cells of the supracervical ganglia through P2Y receptors, resulting in increased expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines such as IL-1β, and causing oxidative damage to the autonomic nerves such as via an inflammatory response (111, 112) (Figure 2). Here, IL1B is linked to obesity due to melanocortin 4 receptor deficiency.