TF and cancer: In general, hypermethylation is considered to decrease the activity of distinct regulatory elements, including proximal and distal regulatory regions, by reducing accessibility and transcription factor (TF) binding, and subsequent target gene expressions in various cancers (Aran et al., 2013; Boyes and Bird, 1991; Chen et al., 2020; Silva et al., 2022; Yao et al., 2015).