TGFB1 and neoplasm: However, other studies indicate that inactivating TGFβ-pathway mutations in the tumour epithelium drive compensatory TGFβ activation within the TME, fostering tumour development, immune evasion, and disease progression16,52, whereas other works report that active TGFβ signalling in the tumour epithelium correlates with a pro-invasive EMT-like phenotype and chemotherapy resistance15,21.