Critically, the resulting tumours overlap transcriptionally with early-disseminating human T1 lesions and poor-prognosis stage II CRCs, lending support for the translation potential of epithelial TGFβ as an actionable, predictive biomarker in the early-stage setting and for extrapolating the efficacious therapeutic approaches, achieved in our models, to the clinic. This evidence concerns the gene TGFB1 and neoplasm.