Furthermore, we observed that ’TGFβ-high’ relapse-prone pT1 tumours were negatively enriched for gene sets related to CAFs and tumour stroma (Fig. 1h), suggesting that TGFβ signalling is associated with the epithelium (intrinsic, i.e. tumour cell autonomous) rather than the stroma (extrinsic) at early stages of tumour formation. Here, TGFB1 is linked to neoplasm.